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This book explores the great transition of China from a subsistence agrarian economy to a technologically driven economic powerhouse which reflects the achievements of the hardworking Chinese people. China continues to grow as the second largest economy of the world from 2010 onwards. It is going to be the largest economy in the world by putting US economy behind. The Chinese GDP has increased of 1,500 times from 1952. This book examines the transformation of China and its economic growth is neither miraculous nor a product of market economy. Further, this book states economic development in China as a product of political pursuit shaped by the Chinese people led by the Communist Party of China from 1921 onwards. China is not only the workshop of the world today but also works as the engine of global economic growth and recovery of crisis ridden global economy. This book also shows how phenomenal Chinese economic growth and development led to the significant fall of poverty in China. This book states that the prosperous transition in China continues to show features of combined and uneven development. This is evident as China has largest billionaires, but many people still live and practice subsistence economy. However, many Chinese do not have access to clean air, water, sanitation and dignified sources of livelihoods. This book shows the social, economic and political inequalities as hindrances to deepening of democratic and egalitarian development in China. This book states that the gender gap and widening gap between urban and rural China are twin serious challenges to progressive transformations in China. The Chinese state and government are trying to implement different policies and programmes to overcome these challenges

"This volume seeks to develop new narratives on China's alternative policy and challenges policy makers on gender, regional, income and wage inequalities among rural migrant workers in China. The book also looks at China's social, environmental, economic and governance policies aimed at implementing a sustainable financial and corporate system for a prosperous society. The argument that China follows 'capitalism or socialism with Chinese characteristics' emanates from the Eurocentric ideological narratives based on 'varieties of capitalism' and 'national socialism'. This book attempts to move away from the duality of ideological criticism and dichotomous defence of China based on the ideological prisms of capitalism or socialism. It rejects the flawed analysis of both sides of the ideological divide. For all its limitations within the world capitalist system, China's achievements can't be undermined. The attempt to undermine Chinese achievements is a process and a strategy to delegitimise the Chinese state, the Communist Party of China, the Chinese success story, and to hide the available alternatives from the experience of The Chinese Way. The book will be a great read to students, researchers and scholars of Chinese studies, political economy, development studies and those interested in China's economic and public policies in general"--

1. Mapping Contradictions Within the Legal Frameworks and Cultural Norms on women's Right to Land and Agriculture in Western Kenya -- 2. Representation of Women and Gendered Role Portrayals in Television Advertising: A Content Analysis of Ramadan Advertising in the Pre- and Post-Tunisian Revolution -- 3. Women, Financial Inclusion, and Economic Development in Rwanda -- 4. Financial Inclusion, Gender Gaps, and Development in Rwanda -- 5. Is there a Gender Gap in Accessing Finance in Rwanda? -- 6. Impact of Aid on Economic Growth in Nigeria -- 7. Gender Equality, Education and Mainstreaming of Gender in Ghana -- 8. Sexual and Gender Based Violence in Displaced Contexts: Narratives of Somali Refugee Women and Girls in Dadaab, Kenya.

This book explores the issues and challenges of gender and development in Africa. The current needs of women in Africa are connected with the possible future emancipation of women from institutions and processes that perpetuate poverty to overcome gendered development processes and patriarchal economic policies at work. The role of legal, political, cultural, religious, and economic institutions in development are examined to highlight marginalisation within uneven development processes embedded with capitalism. Broader development issues, such as property rights, food security, accessibility of resources, and environmental change, are also discussed. This book aims to reimagine African development from an issue-based perspective that moves beyond gender stereotypes and narrow silo of patriarchal development. The volume is relevant to students and researchers interested in the political economy, development and feminist economics. Bhabani Shankar Nayak is a political economist and works as Professor of Business Management and Programme Director of Strategic Business and Management at the University for the Creative Arts, UK.

Intro -- About the Book -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Introduction: Political Economy of Gender and Development in Africa -- Chapter 1: Mapping Contradictions Within the Legal Frameworks and Cultural Norms on women's Right to Land and Agriculture in Western Kenya -- Introduction -- Women's Participation in Agricultural Production in Kenya -- Literature Review: Legal Frameworks, Cultural Norms, and Women's Land Rights in Kenya -- The Predicament of Legal Versus Cultural Norms in Kenya -- Feminism Challenging Patriarchy -- Context of the Study -- Results and Discussions -- Perceptions of Land Rights by Community Leaders: Legal Versus Cultural Expectations -- Perceptions of Land Rights by Government Officials: Legal Versus Cultural Expectations -- Perceptions of Land Rights by Women: Legal Versus Expectations -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Representation of Women and Gendered Role Portrayals in Television Advertising: A Content Analysis of Ramadan Advertising in the Pre- and Post-Tunisian Revolution -- Introduction -- Context of the Study -- Method to Study Gender Roles and Portrayals -- Preliminary Analysis of TV Ads in 2007 and 2017 -- Results -- Analysis of the Portrayals of Men and Women -- Descriptive Variables -- Demographic Variables -- Approach Variables -- Conclusions -- Limitations and Future Research -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- Appendix 3 -- Appendix 4 -- References -- Chapter 3: Women, Financial Inclusion, and Economic Development in Rwanda -- Introduction -- Financial Access and Development -- Development, Inequality, and Access to Financial Services -- Inequality and Access to Finance in Developing Nations -- Gender Inequality and Access to Finance -- Access to Finance in Developing Nations -- Access to Finance in Africa.

This book presents an alternative, critical perspective on the political economy of development and business. The everyday issues experienced by those on the margins are examined to highlight the Eurocentric bias at the centre of development theory, public policy, and business practices. Ruling class projects within these areas are critically evaluated in order to present a vision of development that recognises pluralistic traditions and peoples everyday experiences. Eurocentric liberal myopia and its praxis are outlined in development theory, public policy, and business practices. Particular focus is given to tribal planning, needs based development, public private partnerships, modes of capital accumulation, conscious capitalism, and creative business education. This book stands in defense of critical inquiry and pluriversal knowledge against the monolithic knowledge traditions and use of ruling class projects in development, public policy, and business ethics. It aims to explore new forms of economic transformation that are inclusive and worker led. It will be relevant to students and researchers interested in the political economy, development economics, and international business. Prof. Bhabani Shankar Nayak is a political economist and works as Professor of Business Management and Programme Director of Strategic Business and Management at the University for the Creative Arts, UK. His research interests consist of closely interrelated and mutually guiding programmes surrounding political economy of religion, business, and capitalism, along with faith and globalisation, and economic policies. He is the author of Disenchanted India and Beyond: Musings on the Lockdown Alternatives (2020), China: The Bankable State (2021),Hindu Fundamentalism and the Spirit of Global Capitalism in India (2018) and Nationalising Crisis: The Political Economy of Public Policy in India (2007).

3 Tribals and the Political Economy of Tribal Development in IndiaIntroduction -- Features of Tribal Economy in India -- Transition and Crisis in Tribal Economy during Colonial Period -- Locating Transition in Planning for Tribal Development in Post-Colonial India -- Kalahandi District; its Location, Population and Landscape -- Geographical Location of the Kalahandi District -- Land, its Productivity and Landscape of the Kalahandi District -- Demographic Composition, Administrative Divisions and Population in the District

This article evaluates the 'impossibility theorem' of 'development studies'. It is imperative to reject the 'impossibility theorem' based on essentialist perspectives and performative indicators of economic growth and development. It is necessary to revive the radical promise of 'development studies' as a discipline to address the issues and predicaments of people and their societies around the world. A simple rejection of the 'impossibility theorem' is not possible unless 'development studies' reasserts itself as a critical discipline to analyse, understand and guide social, economic and cultural transformations based on historical experiences. The article argues that 'development studies' have to be free from the influences of economics and its model-driven logic and revive its emancipatory language of transformation in our society.

This article develops a critical analysis of the colonial world of the postcolonial historians whose works inadvertently contribute to the process of reconstituting the colonial construction of tribal identities in neoliberal India. The monolithic and colonial construction of tribal identities in postcolonial India reinforces and preserves tribal identities along the lines of the colonial methods of identity formation based on territorialization. The article highlights the problematic features of the territorialization and deterritorialization of tribal identities and their reconstitution. Territorial-based identity formation is now being used and sustained by the neoliberal political and economic ruling and non-ruling elites in order to exploit tribal communities. The existence of upper-caste and class-based Hindu social order is concomitant with a social hierarchy based on the exploitation of tribal communities in India. This article locates the colonial and neoliberal capitalist logic of identity formation that serves elites, and helps to advance the neoliberal political-economic project of the Hindu right. A postmodern logic of identity formation facilitates the expansion of the neoliberal capitalist economy with the process of Hinduization. It contributes to identity formations that divide the people on territorial grounds. The article is divided into four parts. The first outlines the philosophical basis of identity formation and its links with neoliberalism; the second deals with identity formation based on territory; part three documents the debates on tribal identity formation in postcolonial India; and the final part elucidates the capitalist logic inherent in territorial-based identity formations.

Purpose
The paper aims to understand and expand the idea of capitalist accumulation process from social structures of accumulation theory to religious structures of accumulation within the Indian context. It analyses the philosophical tenets of Hindu religious philosophy as outlined in the Bhagavad Gita. It argues that the ideological narratives within the Bhagavad Gita are concomitant with the logic of capitalism.


Design/methodology/approach
The paper draws its methodological lineage to nonlinear historical narrative around the concept and construction of Asiatic modes of production debate. The paper follows discourse analysis to locate how the Hindu religion as outlined in Bhagavad Gita provides philosophical foundation to capitalism in India.


Findings
The Bhagavad Gita (Songs of God) gives social and spiritual legitimacy to a specific form of production and accumulation processes by rationalizing and justifying socio-economic stratification based on eternal inequality. The paper focuses on the interface between cardinal principles of Hindu religion as outlined in the Bhagavad Gita and capitalist modes of social and economic processes in India.


Originality/value
The paper aims to advance a new concept called "Hindu modes of accumulation" by advancing the theoretical understanding of the theological processes in the Hindu religion, which reinforces capitalism and capitalist social relations in India.

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to deal with the Eurocentric conceptualisation of "risk" which reinforces rent-seeking language, culture and practices of doing business that are alien to non-European societies. This paper also attempts to engage with Eurocentric methods and strategies that sustain hegemony in international business by promoting "risk" and perpetuating "uncertainty" within the non-European business culture. Such territoriality within basic conceptualisation of in international business is central to manufactured "risks" that reinforces crisis, while state deals successfully or fails to deal with it, the global corporations extract resources and expand their capital and market base in non-European societies while doing business. This paper is divided into two parts: the first part presents the philosophical basis of risks and its historical foundations and the second part deals with the neo-colonial business methods, languages, cultures and strategies which are Eurocentric by nature. This paper argues that manufacturing risk is the Eurocentric business strategy.


Design/methodology/approach
This paper draws its methodological lineages to nonlinear historical narrative around the concept and construction of the idea and language of "risk" and "uncertainty". This paper follows discourse analysis (Fairclough, 2003) to locate the way in which the Eurocentric concept of risk was exported and incorporated within the language of international business in non-Western business traditions. While engaging with conceptual discourses, it focusses on the power of language in the process of conceptualisation where "authority comes to language from outside" (Bourdieu, 1991, p. 109). As a result of which the concept does not reflect the objective reality of non-European business culture and its uniqueness while assimilating it within the Western European theoretical traditions of "risk and uncertainty" in international business practice.


Findings
The understanding of risk in business within the non-European context needs new ways of conceptualising risk. The updated version of Eurocentric theories, languages and methods of international business and associated risk narrative can never be a starting point. The duality of philosophy in which "economic growth" and "backwardness" measures progress and reduces human experience and objectives of business to seek and expand profit. The starting point of any theoretical analysis on risk in doing business in non-European societies must acknowledge the specificities of their context in terms of local ideas, knowledge, history, language and methods of business practice which is different from Europe.


Originality/value
This paper outlines the Eurocentric conceptualisation of "risk" which reinforces rent-seeking language, culture and practices of doing business that are alien to non-European societies. It engages with the Eurocentric methods and strategies that sustain hegemony in international business by promoting "risk" and perpetuating "uncertainty" within the non-European business culture. Such territoriality within basic conceptualisation of in international business is central to manufactured "risks" that reinforces crisis; while state deals successfully or fails to deal with it; the global corporations extract resources and expand their capital and market base in non-European societies while doing business. This paper is divided into two parts: the first part presents the philosophical basis of risks and its historical foundations; the second part deals with the neo-colonial business methods, languages, cultures and strategies which are Eurocentric by nature. This paper argues that manufacturing risk is the Eurocentric business strategy. This paper argues for a new language, a new method and a new strategy of doing business by decolonising the discipline of international business.